1601006165 LONG CASE

 50 YEAR OLD FEMALE WITH WEAKNESS ON LEFT SIDE OF BODY

I have been given this case to solve in an attempt to understand the topic of "Patient Clinical Data Analysis" to develop my competency in reading and comprehending clinical data including history, clinical findings, investigations and diagnosis with a treatment plan. 

 This is an online E log book to discuss our patient’s de-identified health data shared after taking her guardian’s signed informed consent. 

A 50 year old right handed lady, who is a farmer by occupation, hailing from Vardhamanapeta came with 

Chief Complaints:  

1. Weakness of left upper limb and lower limb since 5 days. 
2. Slurring of speech since 5 days. 
3. Deviation of angle of mouth to right since 5 days. 

History of Presenting illness: 

She was apparently asymptomatic 5 days back. 

On 20th of April,

She woke up and did her routine activities like brushing and cooking food. 

At 8:30 AM, she went to wash her face and experienced weakness of Left Upper limb and Lower limb, which was sudden in onset, leading to a fall associated with loss of consciousness from which she recovered spontaneously 5 minutes later. 

She complains of giddiness at the beginning of attack. 

She also experiences slurring of speech which was sudden in onset and gradually progressive. 

This is associated with drooling of saliva and deviation of angle of mouth towards right side while speaking, eating and showing teeth. 

She is unable to comb her raise and mix her food.

She is unable to squat and has difficulty in wearing slippers. 

She was brought to the hospital at 6pm. 

There is no history of involuntary movements. 

No history of loss of bowel and bladder control. 

No history of vomiting, convulsions, double vision, nasal regurgitation or nasal intonation. 

No history of head injury, fever, palpitations, chest pain or breathlessness. 

No history of similar attacks in the past. 

No history of memory impairment. 

No history of waxing or waning of symptoms. 

Past History: 

No history of similar complaints in past. 

She is a known case of Hypertension and diabetes mellitus since 8 years and is on medication for it. 

There is no history of tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, COPD, rheumatic fever or epilepsy. 

No history of recent weight loss. 

Drug history: 

She has been taking the following drugs since 8 years: 

• Telmisartan 5mg 
• Prazosin 5mg 
• Teneligliptin 
• Glimepiride, Voglibose and Metformin 

No history of any drug allergies. 

Family history: 

No history of similar attacks in other family members.

Personal history:

Diet: mixed 

Appetite: normal

Sleep: adequate 

Bowel and bladder movements: regular 

No addictions 

General examination: 

The patient is conscious, coherent and cooperative. 

She is moderately built and moderately nourished. 

She is lying in supine position in the bed. 

Temperature: afebrile 

Pulse: 78/minute, regular, normal in volume, no thickening of arterial wall felt, No radio radial or radio femoral delay seen. 

Blood Pressure: 130/90 mm Hg recorded on right arm in supine position. 

Respiratory rate: 18 cycles/minute

Pallor: absent 

Icterus: absent

Cyanosis: absent 

Clubbing: absent 

Koilonychia: absent

Lymphadenopathy: absent 

Edema: present and of pitting type 

Systemic examination

Central Nervous System examination

The patient is conscious, alert and cooperative. 

A) Higher mental function 

She is oriented to time, place and person.

Her speech is slurred. 

Her comprehension is intact and repetition is normal. 

B) Cranial Nerves

1. Olfactory (I): can perceive smell
2. Optic (II): Visual acuity- CF 2 in both eyes and field of vision- normal 
3. Occulomotor(III), Trochlear(IV),Abducens(VI) : External ocular movements full in all directions. No nystagmus and no ptosis. Pupil reactive to light. 
4. Trigeminal Nerve: Sensation over face present. Corneal reflex and Jaw jerk present. 
5. Facial Nerve (VII): deviation of angle of mouth to right side. Loss of nasolabial fold on left side. Frowning present
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1. Vestibulocochlear nerve(VIII): audition intact on both sides. 
2. Glossopharyngeal(IX) and Vagus(X): gag reflex present. 
3. Accessory(XI) and hypoglossal nerve(XII): normal 

C) Motor function

Nutrition: no wasting seen. 

Tone                              R.             L 

Upper limb.                Normal.      Decreased 

Lower limb.                Normal.      Decreased 

Muscle power 

Upper limb.              5/5.               1/5 

Lower limb              5/5.                3/5 

No involuntary movement. 

D)Sensory function

Superficial: pain, touch and temperature are intact. 

Deep: vibration sense, muscle sense, pressure sense, joint sense and position sense are intact. 

Cortical: one point localization, two point discrimination, stereognosis and graphaesthesia intact 

E) Reflexes 

Superficial 

                               Right.           Left 

Abdominal              Normal.       Lost

Plantar reflex          Flexor.        Extensor

Deep

Biceps jerk.           +2.               +2

Triceps jerk.          +2.                +1

Supinator jerk.      +1.                 -

Knee jerk.             +2.                +2 

Ankle jerk.              -                    -

Clonus                  Absent.        Absent 

Visceral

 Swallowing: normal 

Bladder: normal 

Bowel: normal 

F) Trophic Changes: absent 

G) Cerebellar function

Dysdiadochokinesia: absent. 

No nystagmus 

H)Autonomic function: normal 

Cardiovascular system

Peripheral arterial pulses: present 

Carotid pulsations present, no Bruit heard. 

S1 and S2 heard. No murmurs. 

Respiratory System

Shape of chest: Elliptical

Movement of chest: normal

Trachea: central in position 

Percussion: resonant on both sides

Breath sounds: vesicular 

Vocal resonance: normal on both sides 

Adventitious sounds: none 

Gastrointestinal Tract

Mouth, tongue, teeth, gum: NormalBowel sounds heard 

Investigations 

1. Chest X ray 

2. CT Head

No hyperintensities or hypointensities seen.

3. ElectroCardioGram

Normal with heart rate 90 beats per minute. 

Treatment

1. Pharmacotherapy:

• Rosuvastatin ( HMG CoA inhibitor) given to decrease the risk of stroke in the future. 
• Pregabalin and Methylcobalamine: to treat nerve damage 
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2. Physiotherapy 

                  

Provisional diagnosis: 

Based on the history, 

• Anatomical localization: Infarct of Middle cerebral artery supplying the Right Internal Capsule. It is an upper motor neuron lesion. Upper motor neuron lesion of the VII nerve leading to facial nerve palsy on the same side of hemiplegia suggests that the lesion is above the pons. 
• Pathological abnormality: Ischemia 
• Biochemical abnormality: free radical release due to hypoxia 
• Physiological abnormality: weakness of left upper limbs, lower limbs and left side of face.